JBO

The jobs live in a country with about 250 other tribal and ethnic groups. These groups differ a great deal in culture. Three tribal groups are most important- the jobs in the southeast, the Yoruba in the southwest, and the Hausa in the north.Cultural differences between these groups have led to enormous problems, climaxed by a bitter  civil war that began in 1967. In this activity you'll identify some of the cultural differences and changes that helped lead to this war. This statement appeared in Newsweek magazine. Jbo tribesmen were latecomers to the modern world, emerging form the bush only in the 1930. They were learners, however, and soon Jbo men were shocking the members of the neighboring. Rivers Tribes by appearing in the  marketplace as retail traders, a job traditionally delegated to women. Before long, the jobs had gained preeminence everywhere in Nigeria as soldiers, lawyers, businessmen and bureaucrats. The first jbo ever to be admitted to the bar, Sir Louis Mbnefo, rose to be a justice of Nigeria's supreme court. An jbo man, in a newspaper article, gave reasons for the growth of jbo power. The jobs accepted jbo others considered beneath their dignity. Though the jbos were menial, they brought hard cash.And with the money the jobs soon took to buying lands, buildings and estates wherever they could be found. It was not uncommon for an jbo tenant to buy his Yoruba landlord's property or for an jbo tenant to buy his Yoruba landlord's property or for an jbo driver to acquir a fleet of lorries from his former Hausa employer or for an jbo tapper to procure acres rubber plantations from his Bini master. The jbos took loans to invest in meaningful projects and denied themselves social pleasures until the money was repaid. Other tribes, particularly the Yorubas, obtained loans in order to buy expensive cars and throw lavish parties.Jobs always stick together and maintain a great attachment and loyalty to jboland wherever the may be. The African extended family system is certainly strongest among the jbos.One person would arrive singly in a place with a woodern box or pillowcase as his only property. Within five to ten years a full jbo colony, their fingers in all the available pies in the place, would have spring up.

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Individal Differences in Insider Feelings

Who has insider-outsider ? Everyone has them. However, the strength of these kinds of feelings varies a great deal from person to person. Some people have little insider-outsider feeling and do not discriminate at all. Others have very strong insider feelings. They join organizations made up of people interested in criticizing or even harming those they consider outsiders. Sometimes these organizations have speakers who travel around encouraging listeners to discriminate against certain outsiders. They may also print newspaper or pamphlets (sometimes called "hate sheets") containing articles the writers hope will increase insider-outsider feelings.

These are extremes, of course. Most Americans have opinions and feelings somewhere in between. 

Questions about what kind of people tend to have strong insider-outsider feelings are important. so are questions about the causes of such feelings. Better answers to these questions will eventually help to improve human relationship. But what is important at moment are the specific problems which result from these feelings --- the discrimination against certain people.

Following are several case studies and examples of discrimination in America.

As you read each piece, identify

1. The group discriminated against.

2. The problem being created by discrimination.

3. Reasons why the treatment of the outsider is unfair.

Social scientists often conduct surveys and experiments to find out more about discrimination.
In the early summer season several years age, two Northern newspapers carried advertisements for a total 100 different reports. A social scientist, S.L. Wax, tried and experiment. He wrote two letters to ............... 

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Tribal Organisation & Code

Tribal Organization :

The family unit, called Khanadan (in Pushtu) is the smallest in the tribal structure. Closely related families join together to form a clan. The clan joins with other clans to form a sub-tribe, which, in its turn, unites with other sub-tribes to for a tribe-called kheyl.

The leader of the tribe is the khan, usually a member of the most aristocratic family group in the khan kheyl. Many tribes have an hereditary chieftainship within the family. In other tribes the men are very independent and exercise their right to settle all important issues, including who shall lead the tribe, in a tribal council or assemble (jirga). but formally acclaimend as the will of the tribe.

The khan is responsible for the protection and prosperity of his people, as well as for settling disputes and carrying out decisions of the jirga. The Khan is automatically an individual whose tribe holds him in high regard. He is respected for qualities of leadership, wisdom, piety, valor, and hospitability. Learning and renowned ancestry are also important.

Tribal Code :

Tribal law in this part of the world is as old as way of life itself. It is more than a set evolved over the centuries by nomadic peoples living in desert climates all the way from the Mediterranean to far Mongolia, It recognizes the need for an established authority to maintain the unity of the tribe, and it defines the rules of behaviour in the tribesmen's relations with each other.

Although the Afghans come from a number of ethnic backgrounds, most of them have a fairly similar outlook on life, which is based on their Moslem religion and their tribal tradition.

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